The Scarlet Letter Vs. Easy - 1473 Words

The Scarlet Letter vs. Easy A To begin with this essay, I will be focusing on two pieces of media. I had recently read a book named The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne and watched a movie called Easy A. People say that Easy A is a good portrayal of The Scarlet Letter. Don t get me wrong, the movie shares some of the same themes and the movie is influenced by the book, but in reality, Easy A is not a good portrayal of The Scarlet Letter. With my opinion aside, there are some similarities between the two media. Both of the main characters, Hester and Olive, were outcasts and were confident as they dealt with their situation. In Chapter 2 of The Scarlet Letter, it states, Those who had before known her, and had expected to behold her dimmed and obscured by a disastrous cloud, were astonished, and even startled, to perceive how her beauty shone out, and made a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she was enveloped. (p.81) In Easy A, even though people were talking about Olive and giving her these funny looks, Olive was still walking the halls with confidence. She even gave people a reason to talk about her. She went to school dressed like a tramp . The way this evidence supports the opposite side is because this is an example of how both media are similar. Another similarity between the two media is both main characters wear a red letter A on their clothes. In Chapter 2 of The Scarlet Letter, it states, On the breast of her gown, in fineShow MoreRelatedThe Scarlet Letter : Wilderness Vs. Society1259 Words   |  6 Pages Wilderness vs. society In the novel Scarlet Letter, written by Nathaniel Hawthorne presenting the idea for humans to endure the laws of nature and conscience, rather than following the laws of man, to fulfill happiness. The novel consists of a young woman named Hester Prynne carrying her infant daughter named Pearl. The golden letter A embroidered on Hester’s bosom symbolizes adultery, a vile sin which is looked down upon in her community. She encountersRead MoreLiterature Has Functioned Throughout History As A Means1266 Words   |  6 Pagesto reveal alarming realities and comment on social issues. The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the earliest examples of literary social criticism. Hawthorne uses the plight of the main character, Hester Prynne, a convicted adulterer in a society that severely punishes sinners, to take a stand against Puritanism and the religious conservatism that stains the memory of his ancestors. In a similar fashion, the film Easy A, directed by Will Gluck, c onfronts puritanical aspects of modernRead More A Comparison of The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables3606 Words   |  15 PagesA Comparison of The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables    Nathaniel Hawthorne, one of Americas most renowned authors, demonstrates his extraordinary talents in two of his most famed novels, The Scarlet Letter and The House of the Seven Gables. To compare these two books seems bizarre, as their plots are distinctly different. Though the books are quite seemingly different, the central themes and Hawthornes style are closely related (Carey, p. 62). American novelist NathanielRead MoreWomens Role Of Women In Society1383 Words   |  6 PagesWomen’s Role in Society: Puritan Era vs 2017 Self reliance is defined as reliance on one s own powers and resources rather than those of others. Taking place in the Puritan Era, Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter tells the story of Hester Prynne and her crime of adultery, and punishment of public shaming. Puritan Society in the novel, and in real life history, is very different than our society today. Women were the property of the men in their lives. Women who sin, whichRead MoreThe Scarlet Letter : A Blessing Or A Curse1490 Words   |  6 Pagesknowledge can be both a blessing or a curse. In The Scarlet Letter, Pearl takes on the responsibility of being the Moral Compass of her mother, Dimmesdale, and herself. Because of her youthful, yet knowing character, this task comes easy to her; she only wants so much for the truth to come out. At a time of intimacy between Pearl and her mother, Hester, Pearl questions, without hesitation, about the scarlet letter on Hester’s bosom; â€Å"What does th e letter mean, mother?-- and why dost thou wear it,† continuingRead MoreThe Crucible : Nature Vs Nurture Debate2002 Words   |  9 Pagesrunning discussions in psychology is the nature vs nurture debate. That is, is human behavior influenced more by environmental factors in one’s life, such as parents, or by genetics and biological factors? In Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, Atticus Finch is described as an outstanding role model for his children, Jem and Scout, teaching them morals, discipline, and important lessons such as the acceptance of those who are different. In The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne describes Hester PrynneRead More Censorship in the Classroom Essay2774 Words   |  12 Pagesor she objects to classroom material, the censor is reacting to something he or she fears (Fine 1996, 24).    Young adult novels, more so than the classics, have been the focus of the attacks because the dont have absolute good vs. evil, or right vs. wrong. This ambiguousness seems threatening to the censor. Contemporary young adult novels have just as many twists and turns as real life, and if those twists and turns involve sex, politics, or religion, the censors alarm is triggeredRead MoreAmerican Literature11652 Words   |  47 Pagesnot be distracted by the rhyme and rhythm of the poem. Try reading the poem out loud to get a sense of the way the sounds of the poem effect its meaning. Elements of Poetry Denotation and Connation Words in poems have denotations, or literal, easy-tounderstand dictionary meanings, and connotations, or figurative, less specific and less direct meanings. The latter is the more important in poetry than the former. The figurative, or connotative, meaning of a word means everything that the wordRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesof belief even more powerfully than does the cinema. And figurative drawing even more so, being further from reality than photography is, since it cannot represent the literalness of graphic contours with the accuracy of a photographic image. It is easy to see how this concept of a continuous scale of inverse proportions would lead to countertruths. The truth is that there seems to be an optimal point, film, on either side of which the impression of reality produced by the fiction tends to decrease

Classical Societies China, Athens, And Rome Essay

Classical Societies: China, Athens, and Rome: Review of Social, Economic, Political, and Cultural Situations The three areas of classical civilizations developed their cultural beliefs, lifestyles, political institutions, and social structures. However, there were significant similarities among them. Patriarchal values thrived in these civilizations. The male dominated family structure with loyalty and obedience heavily stressed in China s homes. Chinas Patriarchal society reinforced by Confucian values that emphasized obedience of the wife to husband. China’s emphasis on family ancestors. Roman empire emphasis on family was called paterfamilias. Unlike China and Rome, Greece men were separated from women in military barracks until age 30; women had relative freedom. In all three civilizations, wealth based on land ownership and slavery existed. The social structures of China, Rome, and Greece, was hierarchical the slaves were at the bottom. In China, there was a big social divide between rural and urban, with most wealth concentrated in cities. China and Greece had some slavery, but not as much as in Rome. Athens encouraged equality for free males, but women and slaves had a little freedom. Inequality increased in Rome during the empire. China had a prosperous economy based on technological and industrial development and long-distance trade. China raised taxes and confiscated the land of wealthy individuals. Iron metallurgy in China was high. Iron was used domesticallyShow MoreRelatedClassical Civilizations of Ancient Greece, Rome, and China Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesthat have impacted the world. The civilizations of Greece, Rome, and China have done this, but what sets them apart from the others is their lasting significance and lasting impact they had on the world. For this reason, they are considered classical civilizations. 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Collaboration Observation Essay Example For Students

Collaboration Observation Essay Collaboration and Cross-Age Peer Tutoring for Lucy Collaboration provides many potential benefits and few drawbacks for parties involved in the Lucys education. Mr. Allens first grade class achieve educational goals as well. Mr. Allen and Ms. Harris have joined forces to form an educational environment that facilitates learning for both the first grade class and Lucy. The objective is to provide a win-win situation for everyone involved. The obvious benefits are areas of academic enhancement. Particularly, language arts areas include story grammar, comprehension, identification of sight words, acquisition of vocabulary, and general reading skills. Mostly positive results were found for both short- and long-term cross-age peer tutoring. However, although some benefits of cross-age peer tutoring are not necessarily considered academic, they are nevertheless important for a child with moderate cognitive disability and for children without cognitive disabilities. The cross-age peer tutoring model appears functional for all students involved. More importantly, integral work between teachers makes Lucys educational network a possibility. Teachers consider several factors before developing a strategy like cross-age peer tutoring. Lucy has strengths and weaknesses that contribute to her overall consideration for cross-age peer tutoring. Obviously, teachers try to focus on strengths while improving weaknesses. Because Lucy is moderately retarded, she may exhibit learned helplessness to some degree. The MR label in itself can contribute to learned helplessness. If Lucy exhibits this behavior, cross-age peer tutoring could teach her be more confidant when approaching a task. Lucys time in the first grade classroom also gives her a chance to move away from outer-directness as a way of problem-solving. She will gain confidence from feedback of the students and teachers that serve as positive reinforcers for her to make decisions by her own motivation and choosing. Research shows that high-needs students benefit significantly from cross-age and peer tutoring in areas including self-esteem, locus of control and social skills. If Lucys attitude toward school is positive, she is also more likely to graduate. Some or all of these benefits could have played some role in the collaborative effort to enhance Lucys education by cross-age tutoring. Lucys teachers collaborate to try to provide the education she needs without the stigma of being different. A resource room is always a stigma of sorts. While in the classroom, Lucy provides a cyclical relationship between herself and the younger students. In the cross-age tutoring model, Lucy can further benefit from the repetition needed to tutor her first grade tutees. Repetition is important for MR students and those learning a new skill. A repetitious schedule, reading materials, classroom activities, etc. promotes memory retention for MR students. Lucy learns to stay on task as she monitors the younger students being on task. Cross-age tutoring works because tutors and tutees speak a more similar language than do teachers and students. Unlike adult-child instruction, in cross age tutoring the expert party is usually not very far removed from the novice party in authority or knowledge; nor has the expert party any special claims to instructional competence. Such differences affect the nature of discourse between tutor and tutee, because they place the tutee in a less passive role than does the adult/child instructional relation. The students without high-needs accept Lucy because she is on their level of cognition; thereby, improving social relations between students with and without disabilities. Being closer in knowledge and status, the tutee in a peer relation feels freer to express opinions, ask questions, and risk untested solutions. This is why conversations between peer tutors and their tutees are beneficial even though the relationship is not exactly equal in social status. Both Lucy and the first graders have gained academically (repetition and practice) and socially (self-determining behavior and social acceptance) in the cross-age tutoring model. Although many educators favor and embrace cross-age tutoring model some criticism still remains. More specifically, criticisms of students with high-needs as tutors are noted: (1) Strategies utilizing students with disabilities as tutors were insufficiently developed and validated; (2) peer tutoring procedures other than specific cooperative learning strategies, cross-age tutoring, the tutor huddle and classwide peer tutoring were insufficiently validated; (3) the fidelity of peer-tutoring interventions had not yet been examined carefully enough; (4) few peer-tutoring procedures had been compared to alternative teacher- or materials-mediated .

Paper of Aflatoxin with Nanis free essay sample

The active antifungal substance(s) were separated, semi purified and characterized as a protein substance. The semi purified substance inhibited spores formation, thinned the conidiophores and deformed both strigmata and conidial heads. Key words: Aspergillus niger, Streptomyces noursei, ochratoxin A. INTRODUCTION Growing mould may produce toxic secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins. Among hundreds of fungal secondary metabolites are mycotoxins which include aflatoxins (AFL), deoxynivalenol, fumonisins (FB), ochratoxin A (OTA), and zearalenone. They are of major health concern for humans and domestic animals (Miller, 1994). Mycotoxins can enter into the human food chain directly through foods of plant origin and indirectly through foods of animal origin (Kovacs, 2004). Many types of food products in the markets have been reported to be contaminated with AFL or metabolites of AFL. These include tree nuts, peanuts, figs, melon seed, pumpkin seed, sesame seed, sunflower seed, lotus seed, coix seed, red pepper, white pepper, nutmeg, paprika, mixed spices, rice, corn, mixed cereals, chilies, and copra (Wilson, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Paper of Aflatoxin with Nanis or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page OTA has been found in many cereals, raisins, cocoa products, green coffee beans, wine, soybeans, grape juice, pork sausages (Pittet, 2001), spices, and herbs (Patel et al. , 1996). Ueno et al. (1991) were the first to report on ochratoxin A production by a black Aspergillus species, Aspergillus foetidus. This was later confirmed by Teren et al. (1996) and Magnoli et al. (2003). Abarca et al. (1997) reported that two strains of Aspergillus niger produced OTA, and confirmed in numerous studies (Abarca et al. , 2003; Suarez-Quiroz et al. 2004). Horie (1995) reported OTA in Aspergillus carbonarius, and confirmed by Heenan et al. (1998), Varga et al. (2000), Abarca et al. (2003) and Sage et al. (2004). Biological control means the use of living agents to control pests or plant pathogens and offers an important alternative to synthetic chemicals. The use of bacteria like Pseudomonas sp. and Bacillus sp. , have been investigated due to their properties to produce antifungal metabolites and protect plants from fungal infection (Siddiqui et al. , 2005; Nourozian et al. , 2006). Biological control is being increasingly considered by the scientific community as a reliable alternative to pesticide utilization in field and in post-harvest. This biological approach is highly desirable for controlling fungal growth on grapes, helping to reduce the amount of *Corresponding author. E-mail: [emailprotected] com Allam et al. 667 agrichemical residues in grapes, wine and related products (Cabras and Angioni, 2000). Actinomycetes are antibiotic producers that are capable of generating 75% of all known antibiotic products. Actinomycetes are a group of filamentous, Gram-positive bacteria (Williams et al. 1993). These organisms are aerobic, saprophytic, and mesophilic forms whose natural habitat is the soil. Several members of the Actinomycetes are known to be producers of important secondary metabolites, including antibiotics, herbicides, and growthpromoting substances (Connell, 2001). Over 55% of antibiotics have been isolated from the genus Streptomyces (Embley, 1994), and more than 400 species of the genus Streptomyces are mostly soil saprophytes. The gram-positive bacterium S. noursei ATCC 11455 produces a complex mixture of polyene macrolides generally termed nystatins (antifungal agent). The main objective of this study is to prevent or inhibit the growth of ochratoxin producing A. niger using biological method. In this connection, the potential effect of Actinomycete antagonistic to the test organism was focused. MATERIALS AND METHODS Source of used bacteria True and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) used in this study were obtained from Microbiology unit, Bacteriology Laboratory, Faculty of Science, Tanta University. The used Actinomycetes were isolated from soil samples collected from different localities in Egypt, namely Tanta, El-Mansoura, Kafr El-Zayat and El-Mehala El-Kobra. Soil samples were taken after the removal of about 5 cm of the surface, and then kept in clean plastic bags. Over the surface of solidified starch nitrate agar plates, 0. 2 ml samples of the soil dilution were spread out with a sterilized glass rod. The plates were then incubated at 28  ± 2 °C for 7 days. Biological control Different bacterial and Actinomycete isolates were grown in their corresponding suitable liquid media (Nutrient Broth for true bacteria, de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) for LAB and starch nitrate for Actinomycetes) for 24 h and 7 days, respectively. Aliquots (100 ? l) of each cell free extract which was previously extracted by milling the cells in sterile saline were applied on the holes, and agar diffusion method was applied. After incubation for 5 days, the diameters of inhibition zones were measured. Characterizations of Actinomycete isolate number 3 For complete identification of the most fungal and ochratoxin antagonistic isolate, several physical, morphological and biochemical properties were examined. The criteria described in keys of identification (Kuster, 1972; Nonomura, 1974; Szabo et al. , 1975; Szabo and Csortos, 1975) were followed. Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Williams et al. , 1989) and Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (Holt et al. , 1994) were followed for identification. These fall into the following classes: Microscopic characterization Light and scanning electron microscopes in Electron Microscope Unit, Tanta University (model JEOL, JSM-5200 LV) were used for the characterization of Actinomycetes. Determination of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-isomer Diaminopimelic acid isomer was determined according to the method of Becker (1964) after modifications as follows: The Actinomycete isolate 3 was grown under shake culture conditions at 28 °C in nutrient yeast extract broth and the cells were collected after the achievement of a maximal growth 1 mg of the dried bacterial cells were hydrolyzed with 1 ml 6 N HCl in a sealed Pyrex tube held at 100 °C for 18 h. After cooling, the sample was filtered through Whatman no. 1 filter paper, which was then washed with 1 ml water. The filtrate was dried two or three consecutive times on a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure at 40 °C to remove most of the HCl. The residue was taken up in 0. 3 ml water and a volume of 5 ? l was then spotted on a thin layer macrocrystalline cellulose plate (Art 5577 Dc- Plastikfolien cellulose 20 ? 20 cm, layer thickness 0. 1 mm. Merck). For separation of amino acids, the following solvent mixture was used: Methanol-water- 10 N HCl – Pyridine (80: 17. 5: 2. 5: 10, by volume). Amino acids were detected by spraying with acetonic ninhydrin (0. 1, w/v), followed by heating for 2 min at 100 °C. Diaminopimelic acid (DAP) spots were olive- green fading to yellow, whereas the other amine acids exhibited purple spots. Physical and nutritional factors influencing the growth and antifungal activity of Streptomyces sp. To find out the best growth and antifungal activity of the best antagonistic organism, we study the effect of different media, pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources. Partial purification of antifungal substance(s) produced by experimental Actinomycete isolate Fractionation by salting out with ammonium sulfate A modified technique of Jakoby (1971) was used. Different concentrations of ammonium sulfate (25, 50, 75 and 90%, (w/v)) were investigated. The supernatant – ammonium sulfate mixture was kept for 30 min at 4 °C before being separated by centrifugation. The precipitate was dialyzed in a dialysis bag in buffer in a refrigerator at 4 °C over night until the protein precipitate inside the bag became free from excess sulfate. Protein analysis Native electrophoresis The methods described by Stegemann et al. (1985) were applied as follow: Gel electrophoresis: Dissociating polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was carried out according to a protocol proposed by Laemmli (1970). Subunit molecular weight estimation by SDS-PAGE: The method of Weber and Osborne (1969) was used to determine the apparent (subunit) molecular weight of proteins dissolved or extracted in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Mode of action of antifungal substance: Different concentrations (0. 10, 0. 25 and 0. 50%) of the active protein extracted from 668 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Table 1. Antifungal activity of cell free extract of different microorganisms against A. niger. Isolate number Actinomycetes 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 True bacteria 8 9 10 Bacillus pumilus Lactic acid bacteria 11 12 13 Lactobacillus plantarum Lactobacillus acidophilus Lactobacillus bulgaricus Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) 25. 00 20. 00 33. 00 0. 00 0. 00 16. 00 0. 00 bacterial isolates were represented by 4 isolates of true bacteria, 6 isolates of lactic acid bacteria and 7 isolates of Actinomycete are shown in Table 1. Among different bacteria, isolate 3 of Actinomycete (Photo 1) was the best bacterial isolate that revealed the highest antifungal activity against A. niger. Factors influencing growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3 Figures 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 illustrate the effect of different conditions on growth of isolate no 3. The optimum growth was on starch nitrate medium containing starch as carbon source and potassium nitrate as nitrogen source, at 30 °C, pH 7. Characterization and identification of Actinomycete isolate no 3 Out of the 7 isolates of Actinomycetes, organism no 3 was the most active organism that inhibited the growth of ochratoxin A producing A. niger. It was subjected to further studies in order to be characterized and identified. Light microscopic examination showed the shape of the branches arranged in whorls and spiral spore chain (Photo 2). Scanning electron microscope (Photo 3) showed the spiny spore surface. The data obtained from the previous characterization program (Table 2) suggesting that isolate no 3 belong to genus Streptomyces as indicated by the colour of its aerial mycelia and the presence of LL-DAP in the cell wall, spore form, physiological and biochemical characteristics. On the basis of the pervious characters, this isolate showed to be similar to S. noursei. Thus, it could be concluded that the Actinomycete isolate no 3 is suggestive of being related to S. noursei and thus could be given the name S. noursei. Extraction and semi-purification of the antifungal substance Here, a study on the purification of antifungal substance extracted from the culture broth of the tested S. noursei was carried out. Fractionation by salting out with ammonium sulphate Ammonium sulphate was the best precipitant agent used to separate the antifungal substance from S. noursei and showed the highest antifungal activity. Characterization and antifungal substance semi-purification of the . 00 0. 00 0. 00 15. 00 0. 00 23 0. 00 28 15 25 Actinomycete isolate 3 were incubated with A. niger on Czapexs Dox media. Changes in morphology of fungi were photographed under Scanning electron microscope (model JEOL, JSM-5200 LV) in Electron Microscope Unit, Tanta University. Statistical analysis One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out. Separation between different means was carried out according to Duncan multiple range test (LSR) and the simple linear correlation analysis (r) were carried out according to SAS (1985) software for windows version (6. 2). All experiments and analytical determinations were replicated at least three times. RESULTS Control by antagonistic microorganisms Effect of different bacteria on ochratoxin producing A. niger the growth of In this experiment, different types of bacteria were tested to control the growth of the common fungal producer of ochratoxin (A. niger) which was p reviously isolated and identified from herbs and medicinal plants in Egypt. The well diffusion method was used to determine the antifungal activity of different bacterial isolate. The different The antifungal substance was dialysized by dialysis bag Allam et al. 669 Photo 1. Antifungal activity of the selected Actinomycete isolate 3 on the growth of the common producer of ochratoxin (A. niger), (a) control, (b) supernatant of isolate 3. to remove the excess of ammonium sulphate. Gel electrophoresis of protein polyacrylamide gel and SDS-PAGE The obtained antifungal substance was by native performed to native polyacrylamide gel and SDS-PAGE to illustrate the subunits structure to confirm the degree of purity. In the case of native polyacrylamide gel, it was presented as one thick band (Photo 4). The final eluted proteins were subjected to SDS-PAGE according to the method of Laemmli (1970). Four bands were observed in the sample on SDS-PAGE (Photo 5). The molecular weights 670 Afr. J. Biotechnol. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Dry weight (g/L) 0 Figure 1. Effect of different media on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate no 3. 60 50 40 30 Dry weight (g/L) 20 10 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Temperature  °C Figure 2. Effect of different temperatures on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate no 3. of the protein subunits were approximately 12, 35, 41 and 150 kDa. It means that the active substance is a group of four compounds, collected with each other to give their antifungal activity. Mode of action of the antifungal substance Different concentrations of the antifungal substance were mixed with the growth media of fungus A. niger to give the concentrations; 0. 10, 0. 5 and 0. 50%, and incubated for 5 days to show the mode of action of this substance on the growth of A. niger. The result (Photo 6, 7 and 8) illustrated the inhibition of spores formation, thinning of conidiophores and deformation of both strigmata and conidia by increasing the concentration of the semi purified antifungal substance produced by S. noursei. DISCUSSION This study aimed to control contamination of ochratoxin A Allam et al. 671 60. 00 50. 00 40. 00 Dry weight (g/L) Dry weight (g/l) 30. 00 20. 00 10. 00 . 00 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pH Figure 3. Effect of different pH values on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Dry weight (g/L) 0 Figure 4. Effect of different carbon sources on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3. 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Diameter of inhibition zone (mm) Dry weight (g/L) Figure 5. Effect of different nitrogen sources on the growth and antifungal activity of isolate 3. 672 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Photo 2. Light micrograph of isolate (3) grown on different starch nitrate media for 7 days at 30 °C at magnifications; (a) x40, (b) x25 and (c) x100. producing A. niger in common medicinal and herbal plants that used in Egypt by using biocontrol organism. Allam et al. (2008) detected the fungal contamination of 22 investigated samples of herbal and medicinal plants in Egypt. A total of 7 species of fungi belonged to 5 genera were isolated and identified as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Botrytis and Cladosporium. The greater number of species was related to the genus Aspergillus, including A. iger, A. flavus and A. terreus and the formers were the most dominant and the responsible one for ochratoxin A production was A. niger. In the present study, biological control of ochratoxin A producing A. niger using antagonist bacteria and Actinomycetes was applied through screening program using liquid cultures. The program showed that Actinomycete isolate no 3 was the most potent organism whi ch gave the best antifungal activity. Subsequently, it was subjected to further studies in order to be characterized and identified. It was found that the selected isolate can grow well on starch nitrate medium, it is aerobic, spore forming, Gram positive, isolated from soil, spore mass was gray. The aerial mycelium with long straight filaments bearing at more or less regular spindles, the vegetative mycelium produced branched mycelium with the presence of LL-DAP in cell wall. All of the previous characters confirmed that the selected isolate belong to the genus Streptomyces. Microscopic examination showed spiny spore surface and spiral spore chain. The growth on carbon and nitrogen source in synthetic media and other characters are useful in species determination. Following the international keys of Kuster (1972), Nonomura (1974), Szabo et al. (1975) and Szabo and Csotros (1975), the survey of literatures on the description of Streptomyces species was done with these keys. In addition, Williams et al. (1989) and Holt et al. (1994) indicated that this isolate belongs to S. noursei and thus the name S. noursei is given. The polyene macrolide antibiotic nystatin produced by S. oursei is an important antifungal agent. The nystatin molecule contains a polyketide moiety represented by a 38-membered macrolactone ring to which the deoxysugar Allam et al. 673 Photo 3. Photography of scanning electron microscope showing the spore surface of isolate (3) at magnifications; (a) x7500 (b) x20000. mycosamine is attached. Molecular cloning and characterization of the genes governing the nystatin biosynthesis is of considerable interest because this information can be used for the generation of new antifungal antibiotics (Brautaset et al. 2000). The present results showed the promotion or inhibition of biological control organism to inhibit the fungal growth as well as the presence of ochratoxin on the contaminated herbs may be related to the different chemical contents which are present in each type of herbs. This hypothesis led to an examination of the effect of different factors which may be present in the surround environ- ment of medicinal and food herbs on the growth of S. noursei and its antifungal acti vity. Fractional precipitation of crude antifungal substance produced by S. oursei was performed by using different concentrations of ammonium sulphate. Results obtained showed that the ammonium sulphate at concentration 50% was the most suitable to give the highest antifungal activity. The use of ammonium sulphate for protein extraction was reported by Chitte and Dey (2000) on Streptomyces megasporus, Patcharaporn et al. (2008) on Shizophyllum commune BL23, Cheng et al. (2006) on B. subtilis DC33 and Wang et al. (2007) on B. subtilis LD-8547. 674 Afr. J. Biotechnol. Table 2. Characterization and identification of isolate.

Suffer and Suffrage

Suffer and Suffrage Suffer and Suffrage Suffer and Suffrage By Maeve Maddox When I first encountered the words suffrage, suffragist, and suffragette, I imagined that they had something to do with suffering. After all, black men and black and white women had to suffer before they acquired the right to vote, didn’t they? Actually, the two words have different origins. Suffer descends from a Latin word that meant, â€Å"to endure,† or â€Å"to suffer† in the same sense that we use the word. Syrian refugees suffer tough conditions at Jordan refugee camp. Rhinos suffer at the hands of poachers. Women Suffer Most from [economic] Crisis. Suffer is used both transitively (with a direct object) and intransitively. For example, one suffers a heart attack, abuse, or neglect, but suffers from heart disease, diabetes, or other medical conditions. Subtle differences can exist between transitive and intransitive use. Compare: Indian schools suffer federal neglect. Indian schools suffer from federal neglect. The first sentence can be construed to mean only that the schools are being neglected or ignored. The second sentence suggests that the schools are experiencing negative results because of the neglect. The word suffer in the King James translation of Mark 10:14 seems to have more to do with suffrage than suffer: â€Å"Suffer the little children to come unto Me, and forbid them not, for of such is the Kingdom of God.† Jesus is telling his events’ organizers to allow the children to take part in the proceedings. The Latin source of the word suffrage meant, â€Å"a vote of support.† The first definition given for suffrage in the OED is â€Å"Prayers, especially intercessory prayers, intercessions.† By the 16th century, the word had the meaning of â€Å"a vote given in assent to the election of a person† and â€Å"in an extended sense, a vote for or against any controverted question or nomination.† Shakespeare used suffrages to mean â€Å"votes of approval† in Titus Andronicus (1594): People of Rome, and people’s Tribunes here, I ask your voices and your suffrages. –I.i.218. Edward Gibbon (The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, 1776) used suffrage to mean â€Å"the collective vote of a body of people.† The framers of Article V of the U.S. Constitution were apparently the first to use the word to mean â€Å"the right or privilege of voting as a member of a body, state, etc.†: no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate. The word suffragist initially had the non-gendered meaning of â€Å"an advocate of the extension of the political franchise.† After about 1885, the word came to be applied most frequently to advocates of voting rights for women. When the word was feminized into suffragette, British women embraced it, but in the United States, the term was viewed as disparaging. American women preferred suffragist or â€Å"suffrage worker.† Suffragette also came to have a connotation of radicalism and militancy in the United States. The suffix -ette comes from the French feminine diminutive suffix. In English it is ordinarily used to form nouns denoting small or brief examples of the thing denoted by the first element: diskette: small disk towelette: small towel kitchenette: small kitchen H.W. Fowler objected to the coinage suffragette because it tended â€Å"to vitiate the popular conception of the termination’s meaning.† He consigned the word to oblivion: â€Å"May its influence on word-making die with it!† I doubt he’d much care for our new word dudette. You can learn some fascinating facts about the history of universal suffrage at these two sites: Universal Suffrage U.S. Voting Rights. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs EnquireWhat's a Male Mistress?Ulterior and Alterior

How to Handle Dry Ice Safely

How to Handle Dry Ice Safely The solid form of carbon dioxide is called dry ice. Dry ice is the perfect ingredient for fog, smoking volcanoes, and other spooky effects! However, you need to know how to transport, store, and use dry ice safely before you get it. Here are tips to help keep you safe. How To Get and Transport Dry Ice You can obtain dry ice from some grocery stores or gas companies. Its important to be prepared to transport dry ice before you purchase it. This will help it last longer and prevent accidents. Plan to get enough dry ice. It will sublimate at the rate of  five to ten pounds each 24 hours (for pellets or chips), so if you wont be using the dry ice right away, plan for the loss of product. The rate of sublimation also depends on the exposed surface area. Dry ice pellets will convert to gas more quickly than a solid chunk of dry ice.  Bring a cooler or a cardboard box. Your goal is to insulate the dry ice from warmer temperatures. Its also helpful to have a blanket or sleeping bag to wrap around the container to protect it from temperature changes.Usually dry ice is sold in paper bags. Set the paper bag inside the box or cooler. Close the lid to insulate the dry ice, but make sure it does not seal. This is important, because dry ice sublimates from its solid form into carbon dioxide vapor. The gas builds up pressure and could cause an explosion if it doesnt have a way to escape.As sublimation occurs, the level of carbon dioxide in the vehicle will rise. Make sure new air c irculates into the vehicle to prevent carbon dioxide poisoning. Storing Dry Ice The best way to store dry ice is in a cooler. Again, make sure the cooler is not sealed. You can add insulation by double-bagging the dry ice in paper bags and wrapping the cooler in a blanket. Its best to avoid putting dry ice in a refrigerator or freezer because the cold temperature can cause your thermostat to switch the appliance off, carbon dioxide levels could build up inside the compartment, and gas pressure could force open the door of the appliance. Using Dry Ice Safely The 2 rules here are (1) dont store dry ice in a sealed container and (2) avoid direct skin contact. Dry ice is extremely cold (-109.3 °F or -78.5 °C), so touching it can cause immediate frostbite. Use gloves or tongs to handle dry ice.Be aware cold carbon dioxide sinks, so risks from too much carbon dioxide are highest close to the ground or in any enclosed space. Make sure there is good air circulation.If youre using dry ice in drinks to produce fog, be careful you dont ingest the dry ice fragment. Ingesting dry ice is a medical emergency because of the tissue damage from frost bite and the pressure buildup from the release of gas. Dry ice sinks in a glass or bowl, so the risk of ingestion normally is very low. However, do not allow intoxicated people to drink dry ice cocktails or work with dry ice. How To Treat a Dry Ice Burn Treat a dry ice burn the same way as you would treat frostbite or a burn from heat. A red area will heal quickly (day or two). You can apply burn ointment and a bandage, but only if the area needs to be covered (e.g., open blisters). In cases of severe frostbite, seek medical attention (this is extremely uncommon). More Dry Ice Safety Tips Never leave children or pets unattended around dry ice.Be aware of symptoms of carbon dioxide poisoning and make sure there is good air circulation where dry ice is used and stored. Ordinarily, slightly elevated levels of carbon dioxide dont pose a significant health risk. The levels of carbon dioxide are most likely to become too high near the ground.If youre using dry ice to chill food, youll get the best results if you put the dry ice on top of the food. This is because cold sinks.Avoid setting dry ice directly onto counter tops or placing it in empty glass containers. The temperature shock could crack the material.Some airlines will allow you to carry dry ice, but not more than 2 kilograms. Expect the dry ice to sublimate at a slightly faster rate than usual because cabin pressure may be lower than normal pressure. Pack the dry ice with crumpled paper or a blanket to reduce loss.

Unit 7 discussion Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 7 discussion - Coursework Example In this epistemological search for knowledge, Descarte starts with doubt, saying that he wants to discover if there is anything that is beyond doubt or indubitable. Using the subtle reasoning of metaphysics while investigating the nature of reality he doubts all things related to the senses and even mathematical facts. This leads to his derivation that if he doubts, that means that he is thinking, and if he is thinking, it follows logically that he must be or â€Å"must exist†, that is cogito ergo sum in Latin. According to Gillespie (2006) the sequence of thoughts from which Descartes derives his first principle is in the form of a dialogue Descartes analyses that since thinking or cogito is clear and distinct, it follows that the concept has to be true. Hence, he states that his conceptualization of God as a perfect being can only arise from the fact that God is a perfect being, which in turn proves that God exists. This consequently leads to the conclusion that the world must exist, since God is not a deceiver, thus coming full circle from the philosopher’s initial doubt regarding the existence of the world and all things in it (Kenny 1968). The conclusion drawn by Descartes that the world must exist as a fact, a reality, is based on the establishing the existence of God. However, this is seen by SEP (2006) as a medieval reliance on a traditional distinction between the essence and existence of a thing. It is argued that the conceptualisation of God as a perfect being only proves the essence of God, and not His existence. Thus, the essence of something can be determined separately from knowledge of its existence. On the same lines, this does not lead to proving the existence of the world. The first meditation stating doubt regarding the existence of everything is beneficial in that it helps the reader to get rid of

Family law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family law - Essay Example It is evident that this family is financially stable particularly because Henry has gotten an inheritance from the mother’s art collection valued at a substantial amount of money. Henry has managed to buy a number of private investments and pensions. Moreover, Wanda was meant to receive certain amount of money from her uncle, but the issue is now becoming complicated as the second wife to her uncle who is in the process of contesting the will.1 Unfortunately, her marriage to Henry is at the verged of breaking. He has decided to divorce Wanda, a decision that has seems to be influenced by his business Mandrake who does not like children. Moreover, he has told Wanda that she will not get any financial help for him and should instead manage the inheritance that is ought to receive from her uncle until she gets back on her feet. Never the less, Henry is willing to pay $ 3000 per year for the upkeep of the three children for duration of three years. Wanda, on the other hand, has fo und new love from the Doctor who treats one of their children, though she is not willing to get married again. Family Law Family law is thus used to resolve all the issues that revolve are different families. According to the given scenario, Wanda must consult the family law in order to have issues solved (Cracknell 2008). In essence, she has to face her former spouse and the second wife to her late Uncle in court in relation to the inheritance given to her by her uncle especially now that her aunt was determined to challenge in court, the decision made by the her late husband. Additionally, Wanda has to contest with the decision that has been made by her divorced husband because it is insufficient for her and the children. In this regard, a number of factors will be put into consideration for her to be guaranteed financial orders by the courts.2 Domestic Contracts According to the family law act, two persons who are married to each other through an agreement must respect the rights , and obligation under the marriage, which include ownership or division of property, and support of obligations.3 Moreover, they have the right to direct education and moral training of their children and any other matter that entails the settlement of their affairs (Cretney 2003). However, they are not in a position to put into custody children. This means that if Wanda and Henry’s marriage was recognizable by the law, then Wanda has the freedom to be in possession of property ad be in a position be allocated the material wealth that they have acquired with Henry during their marriage life. In essence, all the property that Henry has acquired in the last ten years of their marriage will be considered in the ruling when the divorce process begins. Ownership of Property According to the family law Act, the court should put into consideration the ownership of property in all parties (Knight 2008). This simply means that the court should be in a position to advise on the type o f properties that are present (Fortin 2003). Those common and applicable to this scenario are personal ownership of property and joint ownership of property. Henry has an inheritance from his late mother‘s art collection, which qualifies to be called personal property especially now that it has no contesting issues.4 Contrary to this, Wanda has an inheritance, which could also be termed as personal property but it is been contested by the second wife of her late uncle. The rest of the properties that Wanda

Women in Psychology Essay Example for Free

Women in Psychology Essay Inez Beverly Posser (1895-1934) was America’s first Black female psychologist. Not only is this significant in itself, it is also the adversity she overcame growing up to get there. And later, in the profound research in her dissertation that caused controversy as well as groundbreaking discoveries regarding education and integration vs. segregation as it relates to psychology. Inez was born into a family with 10 other siblings where she attended â€Å"schools for colored† in Texas. Since her family was poor, it was decided early on that they could only afford to send the oldest child (a son named Leon) to college, and once graduated that he would pave the way financially to help his siblings to attend college. However, it was apparent that Inez’s desire to attend college was greater than her brothers. Leon realized this and persuaded his parents to send her to college instead. Inez attended a historically black college at Prairie View AM University. With a two year certificate she began to teach elementary school and then worked as a teacher at a high school. (this teaching experience, I’m sure, will prove influential in her later research topic, where she addressed segregated vs. integrated public schools). She went on to finish her Bachelors Degree at Samuel Houston college in 1926. To attend graduate school she was forced to leave Texas due to segregation. Undeterred, she completed her Master’s degree at the University of Colorado and in 1933 she received her PhD in psychology at the University of Cincinnati. The first female African American to achieve this degree. What makes Inez a pioneer in psychology was the fact that she was the first female African American to earn her PhD in psychology in America. Coupled with her research and study of segregated vs. integrated schools, of which she did her dissertation. Her conclusions  from that research, caused much controversy with the citizens as well as amongst her peers. (para 6) It is in this research where she concluded that black school children fare far better in black schools than they do in integrated schools. Her findings were controversial in their time. It is interesting to note that her conclusions of this study came decades before the Brown vs. Board of Education Court decision in 1954. In fact, even before the Civil Rights movement took hold across the country. (online: Civil Rights Timeline, authors: Brunner Haney, 2007). She had some support from other prominent African American figures of that time. One of those prominent figures that reluctantly agreed with her research was W.E.B. Dubois, believing that until the prejudicial attitudes of the white teachers against black students changed, only then would integrated schools be a positive environment for black students. (Americas First Black Female Psychologist,† 2008, p.1 para 6) In her research, through a psychological perspective, she examined self-esteem and personality variables in the African American middle school students attending integrated schools, and the African American middle school students attending segregated schools in the Cincinnati area. In her conclusion she found that black children in schools with black classmates being taught by black teachers fared far better than the students alike in the integrated schools. Even more astounding, â€Å"she found that the children from the integrated schools experienced more social maladjustment, felt less secure in their social relations, and had less satisfactory relations with their families. They were also more likely to feel inferior at school, had less satisfactory relationships with their teachers and were more eager to leave school early.†( Americas First Black Female Psychologist,† 2008, p.1 para.5). Why did Inez’s research and conclusion cause such controversy? There are many  different views that can be drawn on the research and conclusions. First, since Inez was African American herself, this may have conflicted within her African American community. Why? Since African Americans have been struggling for equal rights and equality in education, this would seem to go against what her own race has been struggling to achieve. On the surface it would appear that way. However, her research was from a psychological perspective that had not yet been considered or researched. Ironically, her conclusions in her study in her dissertation could also be useful as the topic of desegregation that did not come along until decades after her study. The question that was answered even before its time, is how desegregation would effect the students themselves. Would this have a positive or negative effect on their education? If equality was to be reached in the public school system wouldn’t this have to also mean that the African American students would also fare better than in integrated schools? What’s the use in achieving desegregation if it is going to have such a negative impact on the African American students? If you will notice, the word â€Å"integrated† is used in place of â€Å"desegregation† in her study since desegregation had not yet even been addressed! As you can imagine, many different views, arguments, and psychological perspectives can be drawn from Inez’s research and conclusions on integrated schools vs. segregated schools. Hence, any time a psychological study can stir controversy, arguments, or ideas within the psychology community, that in itself proves it is a study of great significance! At a time when prejudice ran deep, where women were trying to gain equality, and segregation was still in force; most citizens would not even consider or given much thought on such a controversial topic as segregation vs. integration. Nor was there ever any studies, that I am aware of, as to how it affects the students themselves. Inez was way beyond her time in not  only her acceptance as a psychologist by her peers, but in her dissertation where she voiced her results of the study. She was a pioneer for Black women in the field of psychology. Sadly, Inez’s life was cut short in a tragic car crash near Shreveport, La. after returning from a visit with her family in Texas. She was 38 years old at the time of her death. (An approximation, since her actual birth date is unknown) Thankfully, she was able to help six of her siblings financially to attend college, and was instrumental in helping many black students in gaining college funds for college and graduate school. (para 8) Since her untimely death at such a young age, it begs one to wonder, how much more she could have contributed to the field of psychology? The inscription on her tombstone reads: â€Å"How Many Hopes Lie Buried Here†. I guess this is a question that is the sentiment of many. Afterthought In reading her conclusions of her research, coupled with a previous experience, I can see that this makes sense: Coming from an all white school myself growing up, it was only when I entered high school did I encounter one black student who attended our school. I later befriended him and he explained to me that he came from an â€Å"all Black† school, but due to a move from an â€Å"all Black† area, he was transferred here. He voiced his feelings of inferiority. Not only did he feel he did not â€Å"fit in†, he wanted to go back to the â€Å"all Black† school. What is significant to mention is that he was also well behind his classmates in his studies when he arrived at the high school. This is important because it makes it clear that the â€Å"all Black† school was inferior in the education he was receiving. Since he started out behind the rest of the students, it was a constant struggle to get his grades even up to a C. This seems to conclude that the Black schools coupled with poorer neighborhoods tend to lack in the better education that is offered in the all white, upper class neighborhoods. That in itself is an inequality that I observed through this student. Despite the fact that he knew this school afforded him a better education than he was receiving, he still did \not want to be here and wanted to go back to his old school where he â€Å"fit in†. As I read Inez’s conclusion, through my experience with my Black friend, I feel it further enforced her findings.

Integrity in Leadership Essay -- Ethical Integrity Essays

Definition of Integrity  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since this paper deals with the idea of integrity in leadership, it is useful to start this paper defining integrity. Webster's dictionary defines integrity as "uncompromising adherence to a code of moral, artistic or other values; utter sincerity, honesty and candor, avoidance of deception, expediency, or shallowness of any kind" Let us exam this definition a bit deeper. The first part of the definition talks of uncompromising adherence. This means that one would always choose the "right" path, regardless of what seems to be more appealing. Take the example of when and when not to lie. A person of integrity would always tell the truth regardless of the situation. The second part of the definition deals with what to avoid. Integrity demands complete openness always. The leader of integrity would never try to knowingly deceive his constituents at any time. The leader would always be open and honest. Theories of Integrity  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many different theories of integrity, but this draft will only discuss two. The first, Integrity of Self Interests, will deal with integrity as it pertains to a leader's best course of action for himself. The second, Integrity of Utility, will deal with integrity as it pertains to the best course for the population. Integrity of Self Interests  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Is it better to lie or tell the truth. Trying to analyze this question using the theory of self-interests would depend upon which choice would give the best results for the leader. This is the underlying theme for the theory of self interests. There are two basic formulas that can be used when trying to determine what is moral, and they are: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should choose the action(s) that we feel, with good reason, will benefit us more than any other choice 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We should choose the action(s) that are in our best interests, or that we prefer for the best perceived outcome These two formulas can be implemented when making any decision. If you feel something will benefit you, or that you prefer one choice over another, then that choice is a choice of integrity of self interest. To illustrate this better, let us go back to the earlier example of when to lie. By applying either of these two formulas, lying can be considered moral. If lying were either in our best interests or one perceives it to result in the best outcome, than it is ... ...es not have to be a good leader. Conclusion There are many theories on integrity, but this draft focused on using two, the theories of self-interest and utility. These are the two theories a leader can use when trying to make an ethical decision. The constituents prefer the theory of utility because it ensures the best result for the most people. However the leader may sometimes prefer the theory of self-interests. The only relevance integrity has to leadership, is in choice. If a leader is not felt to have integrity, he is less likely to be chosen as a leader. However once in power, integrity does not really make a difference. Effectiveness does not depend on integrity. As stated earlier, Bill Clinton has been considered one of the most effective Presidents in the history of the United States, but he is not considered moral, especially after the Lewinski scandal came to light. Using the different criteria under the theories of first self-interest, then utility, one could try to answer the question of Clinton?s best course of action. In other words, using the outlined decision making processes, was it the best decision to admit the affair with Monica Lewinski to the public?

Apple Inc

Features of Apple Industry:2 Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader4 Strategic Innovation5 Recommendation7 Conclusion8 Reflection of our group work9 References12 Introduction As the first of the World’s Most Innovative Companies (Business week, 2010) and the 17th of the Best Global Brands (Interbrand, 2010), Apple has succeeded in strategic leadership and innovation, which has drawn attention from the world recently. This essay focuses on some key issues of Apple’s innovation. It begins with analyzing the key features of Apple Inc by Porter’s five forces and Kay’s distinctive capabilities.Then, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader and explanations of Apple’s strategic innovation are involved. The final section is our recommendations to Apple. Features of Apple Industry: In the stage of analyzing the key features of Apple industry, the first method is the Porter’s five forces model. It divides into five parts, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers and competitive rivalry within an industry (Assen, Berg and Pietersma,2009). Firstly, for Apple, there are some new entrants have disruptive power.For example, some online services which are similar to iTunes. However, there are numbers of high requirement for new entrants to get in the market, for instance, time and cost of entry. In the part of substitutes, nowadays, large amount of substitutes have good performance, they cost lower, are easy to switch, but only few of them have same quality as Apple’s products in the same price. In terms of bargaining power of buyers, it is an influential trouble for Apple. Although Apple has vast and loyal customers, every buyer and retailer all want better stuff in lower price.Moreover, they may reduce spending on Apple’s products if their economy downturn. Furthermore, Apple can ignore bargaining power of its professional supp liers, such as Inter, and strategic alliance, like Microsoft. The last part is the existing rivalry; Apple has a lot of powerful competitors, for example, HP and Lenovo. They pressure into Apple in every technological area and attract buyers by different products. Nevertheless, to be the most innovation company of the world, Apple industry is competitive all the time.Another method used in analysing key features of Apple industry is Kay's distinctive capabilities. This model consists of Architecture, Reputation and Innovation. Architecture: in the internal part between firm and employees, Apple industry has owns special corporate culture and a spiritual leadership. Apple corporate culture is featured in intense works and being pursuit of perfect works under a casual atmosphere and with sharing spirit. For a spiritual leadership, Steve Jobs' role in Apple is motivating employees to bring employees' creative talent into full play and not involving in the employees' work.In the externa l part and net works of architecture, Apple only choose strong suppliers having professional advantages to cooperate, such as Intel, it always cooperate other firms with its own purpose. For instance, the apple chose the Google to take advantage of its maps and video features for phone. Reputation: Apple has a great reputation that is built up on the basis of the quality signals and consumers' own experiences. Apple pays attention to quality of products. Apple keeps a trial and error on every product to prevent any quality problems from happening in future.Moreover, Apple's production is always based on consumers' experience. For example, Apple offers a free trial for consumers to feel their products. Innovation: Apple is famous for its innovation that can be demonstrated by technological innovation, product innovation and management innovation. Technological innovation means a perfect integration between hardware and software and Apple also keep updating them. Referring to product innovation, from first imac to recent-product i phone, Apple products, combining different functions, all go through the innovation.Speaking of management innovation, after Steve job's employment, Apple's management style is successfully transformed from relaxed style to controlled one. Evaluation of Steve Jobs as a strategic leader Steve Jobs is known to be eccentric when it comes to strategy and business because he strives to become a market leader by dominating the competitors in customer loyalty, distribution and coverage, perceived value, price, profit and promotional spending. This is evident when we compare Apple and Microsoft because when Microsoft shows profit by sheer quantity, Apple competes strongly with the quality of its products and services.As an innovative leader, Steve Jobs is legendary which is reflected on his company motto â€Å"Think different! † Rethinking, reinventing and revitalizing are the three main ways of doing business according to Steve Jobs. S implicity and innovation in terms of the product range gave Steve Jobs the edge over other competitors. A well-known example for this is the annual launch of new and updated versions of the iPod with a simple change in colour, form-factor and memory capacity. His risk-taking approach to business is believed to be unique making him an epitome of courage.His idea of self-belief and a vision enabled him to lead a great career life. He believes in investing in new innovative products and services that are built on existing technologies to create a â€Å"customer and market-based business†. His ability to get over failures and try again makes him a suitable comparison with Thomas Edison who had his share of failures along with mighty successes. Apple is a multi-billion company and yet they have just fewer than 30 different products. This is because of Steve Jobs’ immense drive for focus on a specific and well-identified section of the consumer electronics market.This shows the stringent and perseverant character of Steve Jobs as he would have told â€Å"No† to many potential ideas related both to the products and in recruitment. When Steve Jobs was fired from Apple in 1985 and came back in 1996, he implemented what we now believe as a CEO-centric model of strategic leadership that involves not just generation of ideas but also to hold the rudder of a massive ship that is Apple. Hence Steve Jobs will always be remembered as one of the most visionary, creative and high-impact leaders of his generation or any generation.Strategic Innovation Apple has successfully engaged in strategic innovation and has awarded the most innovative firm for triple years continuously. At the same time, it is the top one most admired firm in American (McGregor, 2008). Due to apple’s history, it belongs to established company. Therefore, overcoming the inertia of success and making a change is a big challenge. Combing Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven d imensions of strategic innovation with apple’s experience, this paper analyzes strategic innovation in Apple.In terms of Markides (1998), strategic innovation is basic principles build up new business modules and creates new markets and increase benefits for both company and consumer. In other words, strategic innovation refers to company needs to market positioning and was good at founding vacant space in market and filled up. Palmer and Kaplan’s theory of seven dimensions of strategic innovation are explained as follow: A Managed Innovation Process -Assembling conventional and unconventional ways to business strategy (Palmer, D. and Kaplan, S. , 2007).It is said that apple’s products develop in simultaneous stages and Apple always sticks with a proprietary ecosystem. Though it has some drawbacks, the benefits outweigh drawbacks. Core Technologies and Competencies- Main skills (ibid). Due to the face that Apple is high-tech Company, it requires consecutive high technologies innovation. Apple was dedicated to study innovative industrial design; such as apple has the world’s most advanced operating system and intuitive UI and so on. Industry Foresight –Forecasting the complex forces driving change (ibid. Steve Jobs quoted the words from Wayne Gretzky-â€Å"I skate to where the puck is going to be, not where it has been† (Jobs, 2008, cited in Yates, 2010). And he said they always tried to do that at Apple since the very beginning. Strategic Alignment – Establishing Support (ibid). In Apple, when it comes to a strong strategic vision for the business, the powerful leader is capable to align the people in the organization with the direction inherent in this vision. Therefore, the enthusiastic internal support could be achieved. Consumer/Customer Insight – Deep perceiving of target (ibid).On one hand, Apple possesses wide audience ranging from amateurs to professionals. On the other hand, Apple satisfies custo mers’ requirements. All products are characterized by human interface design and ease of use, combing aesthetics and simplicity, showing a perfect balance of form and function. Organizational Readiness – The ability to implement strategy (ibid. ) The board of directors had been re-structured since Jobs took over in 1997. Apple gets an excellent leadership and team spirit. At the same time, Apple masters core technologies and competencies.Sufficient preparation leads to success. Disciplined Implementation –Putting the strategy into effect (ibid. ) Apple’s process of implementation follows the module: culture- product-user-brand. All the products that meet user’s needs abide by their culture, which causes consumer loyalty; they get good reputation, therefore, the brand is established. Certainly, effective marketing strategy is an essential part of successful implementation. Recommendation Based on analysis above, here follows some recommendations to Apple. Maintain design spirit.As most customers are attracted by peculiar aesthetic design of products, Apple should continue paying attention to it. Keep innovation. Innovation is the soul of Apple Inc, Keeping innovation will bring Apple a bright future. Improve product compatibility. Improving compatibility is able to increase the opportunities of choosing Apple products. At the same time, the product market share will be improved. Search for the promising leader and create positive crises. It is essential to find another brilliant leader after Jobs. Apple should keep unsatisfied with current success and pursue change.Find hi-tech partners. Consumer electronics and entertainment industry are high competitive industries which update technology frequently. Thus, finding partner is crucial for an enterprise in the industry, especially, a hi-tech partner. Conclusion According to studied about Apple, it can be reached that there is an excellent management team in Apple Inc. , especial ly the CEO Steve Jobs, a strategic, spiritual leader with strong personality. In terms of strategy of the corporation, it is sticking to core competencies and innovation strategy, making the perfect products to consumer.With reference to organization, Apple is a mix-mechanic and organic style. Staffs in Apple are always with passion and love their own company as well. Performance of Apple in the consumer electronic and entrainment market which is a hyper competition market with technology updating speedily is excellent. There are a large number of loyal customers, great strategies, beautiful products and influential leadership which are all produced by Apple, an innovation corporation. Reflection of our group work Our group work focuses on a topic- Strategic Leadership and Innovation at Apple Inc. y Apple case studies, several key questions are asked to answer, including the key features of Apple industry, the evaluations of the CEO Steve Jobs as the strategic leader, explanations o f Apple’s strategic innovation and our recommendations to Apple. Our group activities was proceed according to a routine of making assignment for each people; then searching for materials individually; next, sharing ideas and of discussing issues together. In the following part, we will introduce a procedure of our group activity in detail.The object of our first group meeting was getting main idea to carry out our project after we read the apple case material. In this meeting, our group discussed and got general ideas and several key words from this case: what is management and innovation in Apple. But it didn't work very well due to insufficient preparation. Therefore, when we made a second meeting, we changed our idea to go on our tasks according to orders of questions. Each two members of our group took responsible for one question, and a member took charge of introduction, recommendation and conclusion.In this time, everyone got a clear task. In the following group meeti ng, we discussed what we found from collected materials and gave advices of every question and pick the best ones to the questions. Everyone is asked to complete their own speeches of their own presentation. If we had problems of our project in the period of not being together, we still kept in touch online. In the last two group meeting, we all gave a brief presentation of our own part to group members and made them understand every piece of our works, and we all achieved agreement to our project without any doubt.One of team member combined all pieces of Power Point into the whole and decorated it. We all prepared for the presentation and kept practice with a time controlling together. For a group work, we evaluate that it is fairly good with advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, we learned a lot from this group work. Firstly, we learned how to analyzer a case with models. Furthermore, we also learned that by a combination of case studies and models, it strengthens the kn owledge we learned in the class. Secondly, this activity also improved our skills of doing presentation and reports.We got a clear understanding of requirements of good presentation and reports. Last but not least, our team members shared ideas and made up for each others' disadvantages. From this experience we got the team work spirit and learn how to corporate with others, how to solve the conflicts. On the other hand, some problems existed in the period of meeting. Frankly speaking, some meetings are ineffective, because we didn't prepared well what supposed to do about case studies. Moreover, on the account of some member’s absence and lack of team spirit, the progress of our group work was affected.Here are some suggestions to the future team work we learn from our experience: firstly, a clear schedule should be made in the beginning as a guide of future works. Secondly, team members need to improve group awareness and join in a group activity positively. Everyone of a g roup should review handouts or materials in advance of one’s own responsibility of a group. Lastly, the efficiency is critical to group work.References Assen. M. V. , Berg. G. V. D. , Pietersma. P. (2009) Key Management Models, Prentice Hall Best Global Brands, Retrieved Nov 4th, 2010, form http://www. interbrand. om/en/best-global-brands/Best-Global-Brands-2010. aspx Brian. C. Steve Jobs Killer Instintcts. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, form http://www. forbes. com/2009/04/06/apple-microsoft-advertising-technology-enterprise-tech-apple. html Harvard Business review blog, Retrieved Oct 27th , 2010, from http://blogs. hbr. org/taylor/2009/06/decoding_steve_jobs_trust_the. html Markides. C. (1998). Strategic Innovation in Established Companies, Sloan Management Review, pp31-42. McGregor. J. (2008). The world’s most innovative companies. Business week, April 17. Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/08_17/b4081061866744. htm Palmer, D. an d Kaplan, S. (2007). A Framework for Strategic Innovation, Innovation Point LLC, PP. 1-24. Practice of leadership website, Retrieved Oct 28th, 2010, from http://www. thepracticeofleadership. net/2008/03/30/steve-jobs-and-his-leadership/ Roberts, J (2004). The Modern Firm, Oxford University Press. Saswati. 2010. The seven dimensions of strategic innovation. Retrieved Oct, 26th, 2010, form http://www. improvementandinnovation. com/features/articles/seven-dimensions-strategic-innovation? age=1 Strategy leader blog, Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://strategyleader. blogspot. com/2010/01/steve-jobs-risktaking-innovative. html The 25 Most Innovation Companies 2010. Retrieved Nov. 1st, 2010, form http://images. businessweek. com/ss/10/04/0415_most_innovative_companies/26. htm , Yates, V. |(2010). Steve Jobs. Retrieved Oct 26th, 2010, from http://www. leadevalues. com/Content/detail. asp? ContentDetailID=1369 1000 ventures website, Retrieved Oct 27th, 2010, from http://www. 1000ventures . com/business_guide/market_leader. html

How Does Stevenson Engage His Readers? Essay

In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Stevenson uses many ways of engaging his reader throughout the novel. He applies these methods in this way to keep the reader interested in the book. To start off with, Stevenson uses Narrative Methods. These methods add to the suspense and heighten the emotional impact. One use of narrative methods is the fact he tells the story from several perspectives. One chapter of the book is set out as a type of police report with the maidservant recalling what happened the night that Danvers was murdered. The way you can tell it is a report of some kind is because of the extra bits of information added – â€Å"(as the maid described it)† (page 47, line 2). This chapter, apart from giving you a different view of events, makes the readers realise that this man was an important figure in society and this story has gone from a mystery story (with the mystery being the nightmare Enfield had, the door and the strange man named Hyde) to a murder-mystery story as now there is a killer on the loose. This will give the story a frightening twist for the readers but the use of the language makes them keep reading particularly as it Hyde is revealed to be the killer in chapter 4. This twist gives the readers momentum to keep reading as they have already learnt that Hyde has no conscience really and has an inhuman side which can snap at any moment making him all the more dangerous but making the story all the more exciting – â€Å"And then all of a sudden he broke out in a great flame of anger, stamping with his foot, brandishing the cane, and carrying on like a madman† (page 46-47). This helps as all of the Narrators (bar the maidservant) were all reliable figures in society and truthful characters who never dream of lying. Mr Utterson – â€Å"Mr Utterson the lawyer was a man of rugged countenance, that was never lighted by a smile† (Page 29 line 1), this explains he did not have a sense of humour and would not joke around but tell the story as it is. This will help keep the reader interested as if it was a story told by a tramp then the Victorians would never have believed it as they have no reason to be truthful whereas Utterson is a lawyer and was well respected so there’s every reason to trust him. Stevenson introduces him as a calm, gentle man, who just wants to lead a quiet life (making him all the more believable) – â€Å"He was austere with himself; drank gin when he was alone† (Page 29 line 9.) This sentence is very important as well as it tells the reader that he is very strict with himself and sets himself boundaries . What also attracts the reader’s attention is they think that the story has finished chronologically at the end of chapter 8. The Victorians didn’t like mystery stories finishing with loose ends not tied up, so he leads on to the two real documents by saying – â€Å"They trudged back to his office to read the two narratives in which this mystery was now to be explained†. This ends the chapter on a cliffhanger, therefore adding to the suspense and inviting the reader to get involved with the conclusion of the mystery. Stevenson made sure not to reveal that that Hyde was Jekyll until the end when the story was over, although he had left clues – Hyde’s and Jekyll’s writing was similar. Also in chapter 8 when they find that Hyde was wearing oversize clothes that looked suspiciously like Jekyll’s and he infact does pretend to be Jekyll. Chapters 9 and 10 give the story a sense of authenticity as they are â€Å"real† documents. In chapter 9 Utterson receives a letter that was meant for Lanyon from Jekyll. There is a sense of urgency about the letter – â€Å"I had already sealed this up when a fresh terror struck my mind† (Page 75 line 29). This shows he wasn’t thinking clearly and he was rushed, leaving the audience to think why? And therefore reading on. Chapter 10 is a full summary of the book. It ties up all the loose ends as it is a letter from Jekyll himself summarising all the events that have taken place. This particular chapter uses a lot of emotional sentences from Jekyll – â€Å"Under the strain of this continually impending doom and by the sleeplessness to which I now condemned myself† (Page 95 line 13-14) and also â€Å"A mist dispersed; i saw my life to be forfeit. This tells how Jekyll feels he has nowhere to go in life and feels despondent. He recalls all of Hyde’s action and how he â€Å"enjoyed the leaping pulses and secret pleasures† but how he knew admits Hyde was sadistic and mental – â€Å"No man morally sane could have been guilty of that crime†. This is because it was a stupid thing from Hyde’s point of view as know he is a wanted man and cannot roam the streets freely anymore – â€Å"To be tempted, however slightly, was to fail†. Jekyll starts to think suicide’s the only way to stop the maniacal Hyde – â€Å"and when I know he fears my power to cut him off by suicide† (Page 96 line 15-16), as he has â€Å"terrors of the scaffold†. The last page of the book is the most emotional and well-written page of the whole book as Jekyll writes â€Å"his wonderful selfishness† but also â€Å"ape-like spite†. There he turned some con about Hyde into a pro but also made a con seem more than a con. This will tell the reader how emotionally attached to Hyde, Jekyll really was and how this decision was probably the hardest he has had to make in his life. The last few lines Jekyll has made up his decision in the sense he has gone from contemplating suicide to being definite – â€Å"And indeed the doom that is closing on us both† (Page 96 line 6-7). Stevenson also makes you feel sorry for Jekyll – â€Å"I know how i shall sit shuddering and weeping in my chair, or continue with the most strained and fearstruck ecstasy of listening, to pace up and down this room (my last earthly refuge)† (Page 96 line 11-13). That quote makes you think it’s taking every bit of strength to make these decisions and to do the simplest tasks and by this stage the readers eyes are glued to the page. The ending is a cliffhanger, in the sense you do not know anyone else’s reactions to Jekyll’s confession. It ends – â€Å"Here, then as i lay down the pen, and proceed to seal up my confession, i bring to life of that unhappy Henry Jekyll to an end†. That line tells you that he will kill himself but does not tell you how the others react which the readers will put the book down and think about it – in shock due to the confession but also thinking about it some more. My penultimate method is the setting that Stevenson used. He brought the â€Å"evil† immediately into the readers’ lives due to the fact he relates to London which was the most densely populated place in the UK. He also used middle class and well respected gentlemen which told the readers that not all people were perfect and not all the well off led boring lives. Stevenson uses winter as a month where â€Å"bad† things happen as both the murder of Danvers and the girl getting trampled was in Winter late at night. He uses to points of views – a characteristic and a psychological point of view. Characteristic – Mr Hyde’s resides in Soho which was a pocket of poverty and crime whereas Hyde lived in the West End (represents Hyde/Jekyll relationship) Also the respectable view of the entrance to Jekyll’s house to the back door which Hyde uses (represents two sides of the character) Psychological – The misty, dreary London seems to echo the unsettled mood of the characters and the dark mystery of the story – â€Å"The square when they got there was full of wind and dust, and the thin tress in the garden were lashing themselves along the railing† (Page 63 line 17-20). These settings help to set the scene and add the tension as they usually involve a â€Å"cold, windy night† which makes a chill run down the spine therefore wanting the reader to know more. My final method is the way Stevenson has used morals and the likes of the Victorian people in his favour. He has given us the moral – you can never trust appearances, as charming Dr. Henry Jekyll led this duel life with the bloodthirsty Mr Hyde. But also don’t let anything control you – â€Å"I am now finishing this statement under the influence of the last of my old powders†. He is reliant on a source which has driven him to suicide. It is also hypocritical as it’s saying â€Å"if we repress our dark side, it will become stronger†. This is true as Jekyll said of not changing to Hyde for two months – â€Å"But time began at last to obliterate the freshness of my alarm, I once again compound and swallowed the transforming draught†. Stevenson also included a lot more questions than there were answers. The Victorians enjoyed this as although the main loose ends tied up they had a feeling of authority as they got to decide some of the outcomes. As the Victorians found literature as a type of â€Å"escapism† where they could escape from their boring, old lives Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde was the perfect novel which fitted all the criteria of a good, mystery/horror book that the Victorians could escape to and therefore engage them! In conclusion to the question, How Does Stevenson Engage His Readers, I think he engages them by using all these different methods – narrative, setting, and what the people in the era it was written liked. I think he engaged the Victorians though particularly on the latter as they had something to relate to e.g. Soho – a lot lower – middle class people lived round there who would buy this book and therefore read it to the end as it is of particular interest to them. This is the same for all of London though. For most people though this story kept them engaged by the excellent descriptions, the use of emotions and the suspense involved. Once a murder had taken place no one was ever going to put the book down!

Total Quality Management Survey

Total Quality Management Survey Customer satisfaction is important to an organization because it leads to repeat business. In order for companies to thrive, the need for value is essential to customer satisfaction (Goldman, 2003). This paper will explain the value of quality in relationship to customer satisfaction as well as research three separate organizations that represent different economic sectors, and provide a description of the need for customer-driven quality for each of these organizations. Additionally, a matrix model will be constructed outlining the differences between the strategic roles of total quality management (TQM) within each of the chosen organizations.The organizations of focus will represent the manufacturing sector, service sector, and government sector. Each of these sectors has different values when it comes to quality in customer dealings, and strategies towards total quality management. These different views are established through customer needs and the level of growth within their s ector.ManufacturingThe first organization of focus, which represents the manufacturing sector, is Medrad, Inc.US Navy 080716-1786N-N-016 Rear Adm. Raymond Berub...Their customers are primarily from the food service industry, such as schools, restaurants, institutional food services, and healthcare services. The company is a subsidiary of Cargill Foods and has been the Baldridge National Quality Programs (BNQP) Award recipients for two years, 1999 and 2005. Their products include over 160 egg, pre-cooked, frozen, and other refrigerated items, which they deliver through specialty deliverers, broadline distributors, or by direct delivery arrangements. The Core Ideology includes the purpose, values, and mission. The Core Purpose: to be the supplier for worldwide customers; Core Values: focus on customers, quality, safety, stakeholders, and ethics (BNQP, 2005). Mission:Sunny Fresh Foods will be the preferred supplier of quality, value-added food products serving primarily the foodservice industry. We will be a best-cost producer and a leader in developing and implementing innovative products, processes, and services to meet the needs of an evolving global marketplace. (National...

Word Choice Cite vs. Site

Word Choice Cite vs. Site Word Choice: Cite vs. Site It can be difficult to pick the right words all the time, especially since terms like cite and site sound very similar. However, using correct terminology can gain you valuable marks on your papers, so it is worth learning about easily confused words. Cite (Quote or Reference) The term cite is very important in academic circles, as it means reference: Citing sources clearly is a fundamental part of academic writing. When you quote another authors work, or even paraphrase their ideas, you will need to cite the work you are referring to. Less formally, cite can simply mean to mention in support of something. For instance: Hamish argued that the Scottish are clearly smarter than the English, citing several examples of prominent Scottish inventors. Site (A Place or Position) The term site is mostly used to refer to locations, meaning place or position. As such, you may talk about the site of a house or hospital. You can also use it as a verb, such as if you are discussing where to site a building. Of course, these days site can also be short for website. This is similar to the original meaning of site given above, but refers to the location of a page on the internet, rather than a physical location. Cite or Site? Since cite and site have such different meanings, the main trick is remembering how each one is spelled: Cite (with a c) = Quote or reference something Site (with an s) = The location or position of something Proofreading It can be difficult to spot mistakes like those above, especially when you have been working on a piece of writing for a long time. So why not send it to the professionals at Proofed? We will check your paper for errors and send back a copy showing the changes made, along with helpful comments to help you improve your work.

Multiple Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Multiple - Case Study Example Judgment would bid all group members. Question 1: Like other defrauded clients, Mr. Groetsch’s compensation should be in accordance to how much money he had lost through the Medical Capital Holdings security. In spite of Mr. Groetsch’s diagnosis with Alzheimer and his family’s request for Securities America not to do business with him, the stockholder still went ahead and sold him the securities. The arbitrator should consider his health condition, and the fact that his family’s request for no business transaction between him and the American securities. The Americans sold securities regardless of the internal memoranda of Securities America, questioning the legality of the Medical Capital. The concerns spread to brokers diagonally in the company, yet Securities America continued to sell the bonds. The stockholder could have taken advantage of Mr. Groetsch’s health condition to manipulate him into signing the transfer of Medical Capital securities. The characteristics of the disease include loss of memory severe enough to disrupt the normal activities of everyday. The stockholder knew that Mr. Groetsch could experience difficulties trying to maintain his memory ability and, therefore, defraud him. With Alzheimer, he would be unable to maintain employment, plan and execute tasks, to reason and exercise judgment (Fungate & Kinicki 299-305). Question 2 Since arbitration is less complex, cheaper and profitable, the judge should consider class action before arbitration. In this way, the court will compensate people that appealed for class action since they are the majority, and afterwards deal with Mr. Groetsch. Compensation of arbitration before class action may lead to depletion of funds and creation of fear caused by fewer funds available for the compensation of class action. Convincing Mr. Groetsch in case of a negative outcome is easier as compared to those in the class action, because one individual understand faster and bett er than a mass of people. Resolving Mr. Groetsch’s case may be hard since he might not remember some details regarding his case due to his illness. This can further bring in contradictions that may delay the ruling of the arbitrator leading to loss of time and money. Arbitration in this case may take longer and might be expensive due to the one party involved who may experience loss of some memories and record different statements regarding the same case. It is more convenient to look for funds of one individual compared to those in a class action. Class action case consume a lot of time since it involves many people with similar interests, and the judge has to make a fair decision as compared to arbitration where the judge needs to approve the decision of the arbitrator (Fungate & Kinicki 300-303). Question 3: In most cases, teamwork is the best hence; Mr. Groetsch should join class action that is likely to be favored by the judge. Since arbitration is no longer possible, he should contemplate on where the best ruling will be, since the judges spent time on the class action case. Representation by attorneys is one of the issues he ought to think about because the attorneys perform well to ensure their clients get what they deserve. In addition, joining the class lawsuits will make the judge’s work easier since he has to only deal with one case, and make an equal ruling in both

Management uncertainty- assessment for Peer Reviewed Reflection Essay

Management uncertainty- assessment for Peer Reviewed Reflection - Essay Example Successful managers and companies accept the fact that uncertainty is an unavoidable factor in business. It cannot be accurately predicted when an economic meltdown can arise or ways in which impacts would occur in the business environment worldwide. As a result, strategic managers and administrators stress upon formulating alternative plans in order to meet with uncertainty. A back-up plan may also prove unsuitable for meeting an uncertain situation as it cannot be precisely predicted how and what type of an uncertain situation an organization might face in future (Van den Bos, 2001). Regardless of extremity of the uncertain situation, a business is required to take action and cope with it promptly. There is also adequate level of uncertainty in the personal lives of most individuals. Individuals must learn to accept uncertainty as an integral part of life from the way in which a business organization operates. When they are faced with an uncertain situation, it is essential that im mediate actions or thinking is undertaken without wasting time upon grieving about it. (Van den Bos and Lind, 2002). One of the effective ways of managing an uncertain situation is to accept the fact that not all aspects of life can be controlled. For instance, it is not possible for individuals to stop a natural disaster from happening. It is important to realize that human control is limited and that the life of most individuals is a result of interaction between various aspects (Conner, 2006). When these aspects alter, an uncertain situation gets developed. For instance, the careless work of a mechanic might cause an engine failure of a car, leading to a major accident. The people travelling in the car could not have predicted such a situation. Similarly, how and when the actions of other people can affect our lives is beyond our control (McGregor, et al., 2001). Individuals